GCSE results: girls fare better than boys under more rigorous courses

Examination results

I think it is because boys tend to be more laid-back and don’t like to show their working. In recent years, with the introduction of the grades 1 – 9 to replace the letter grades, exams have become more rigorous to combat grade inflation.

More than one in four exam entries by girls aged 16ย received top gradesย of A or 7 and above in this summerโ€™s exams in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, an improvement of half a percentage point to 25.3% compared with last year, while just 18.6% of entries by boys in Year 11 achieved the same grades.

Guardian Education 22nd August 2019

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Twenty Great Maths Books for Young People

Fermat's Last Theorem

In 2016, I was asked to create a creative mathematics course and in doing so, I researched some books which are suitable for young people of different ages to expand their interest in the subject. The table has a brief summary of each book and below you will find more detailed information.

Title Author Comment
The Dot and the Line: A Romance in Lower Mathematics Norman Juster Maths based story

ยฃ7.59

Sir Cumference and the Dragon of Pi Cindy Neuschwander 9 in the series, fun stories

ยฃ5.93

This is Not a Maths Book Anna Weltman Fun challenges

ยฃ12.19

The Riddle of Scheherazade Raymond Smullyan Riddles

ยฃ12.96

Aha! Gotcha Martin Gardner Paradoxes

ยฃ5.90

My Best Mathematical and Logic Puzzles Martin Gardner Puzzles

ยฃ4.11

Logic Puzzles Mark Fowler Puzzles

ยฃ10.95

The Chess Mysteries of Sherlock Holmes Raymond Smullyan 50 chess mysteries

ยฃ15.00

Mythematics: Solving the Twelve Labors of Hercules Michael Huber Puzzles

ยฃ5.95

The Symmetry of Things John H. Conway Beautiful book
50 Maths Ideas You Really Need to Know Tony Crilly Essential maths ideas
Alexโ€™s Adventures in Numberland Alex Bellos Simply explains maths ideas
Hereโ€™s Looking at Euclid Alex Bellos Some fun history of maths
The Number Devil Hans Enzenberger A Mathematical Adventure
The Man Who Counted Malba Tahan Mathematical Adventures
What is the Name of This Book? Raymond Smullyan Puzzles
Things to make in the Fourth Dimension Matt Parker Unusual maths
The Man Who Loved Only Numbers Paul Hoffman Biography
The Man Who Knew Infinity Robert Kanigel Biography
100 Math Brainteasers Zbigniew Romanowicz Puzzles
300+ Mathematical Pattern Puzzles: Number Pattern Recognition & Reasoning

Chris McMullen Puzzles
The Moscow Puzzles Boris A Kordemski Puzzles
Math Crossword Puzzles Anna Napolitano Crosswords
The Complete Book of Fun Maths Philip Carter Puzzles
Project Origami Thomas Hull Origami and Maths
The History of Mathematics Jaqueline Stedall History of Maths

The Dot and the Line: A Romance in Lower Mathematics Once upon a time there was a sensible straight line who was hopelessly in love with a beautiful dot. But the dot, though perfect in every way, only had eyes for a wild and unkempt squiggle. All of the line’s romantic dreams were in vain, until he discovered…angles! Now, with newfound self-expression, he can be anything he wants to be–a square, a triangle, a parallelogram. And that’s just the beginning! First published in 1963 and made into an Academy Award-winning animated short film, here is a supremely witty love story with a twist that reveals profound truths about relationships–both human and mathematical–sure to tickle lovers of all ages.

Sir Cumference and the Dragon of Pi is a fun book aimed at younger children to learn concepts about pi, geometry terms and maths related to the circle.

This is Not a Maths Book Discover how maths can be artistic and art can be mathematical with this awesome activity book, full of fun drawing challenges with a mathematical basis. Amazing patterns with a mathematical essence will be revealed as you follow the simple activity instructions. Learn incredible maths facts as you draw the beautiful designs. From simple geometric patterns to fascinating fractal art, to awesome anamorphic art, and cool celtic knots, discover the beauty in maths, and the maths in beauty. Left-brain and right-brain come together to create fantastic maths art!

The Riddle of Scheherazade The most entertaining logician and set theorist who ever livedโ€ (Martin Gardner) gives us an encore to The Lady or the Tiger?-a fiendishly clever, utterly captivating new collection of 225 brainteasers, puzzles, and paradoxes.

Aha! Gotcha Paradoxes to puzzle and delight.

Logic Puzzles Anyone who likes logic puzzles would love this book. The puzzles are not just printed they are presented in colorful illustrations. The book has several plots that all come together at the end. I love this book and I think anyone who likes logic problems would too.

The Chess Mysteries of Sherlock Holmes Here — from philosopher/logician/puzzlemaker Raymond Smullyan — are fifty elegant, witty, and altogether unique “chess mysteries.” In each problem the solver has to deduce certain events in a game’s past. For example: On what square was the White queen captured? or, Is the White queen promoted or original?

Since these problems involve the same sort of logical reasoning that lies at the core of the Sherlock Holmes stories, Raymond Smullyan has aptly set each one within its own Holmes-Watson dialogue. In each case Holmes, by his remarkable powers of deduction, is able to demonstrate to his awed admirers precisely what must have happened, move by move, at the “scene of the crime” — the chess table. For example: what the missing piece is; what square it should be on; whether or not either side can castle.

In the second half, through a series of progressively more difficult (self-contained) chess problems, Holmes, with the reader’s help, solves a mystery and a double murder — perpetrated, of course, by Moriarty. And at the end of the book are ten bonus problems from Moriarty himself (four of them composed before the age of nine!)

Mythematics: Solving the Twelve Labors of Hercules How might Hercules, the most famous of the Greek heroes, have used mathematics to complete his astonishing Twelve Labors? From conquering the Nemean Lion and cleaning out the Augean Stables, to capturing the Erymanthean Boar and entering the Underworld to defeat the three-headed dog Cerberus, Hercules and his legend are the inspiration for this book of fun and original math puzzles.

The Symmetry of Things Start with a single shape. Repeat it in some wayโ€•translation, reflection over a line, rotation around a pointโ€•and you have created symmetry.

Symmetry is a fundamental phenomenon in art, science, and nature that has been captured, described, and analyzed using mathematical concepts for a long time. Inspired by the geometric intuition of Bill Thurston and empowered by his own analytical skills, John Conway, with his coauthors, has developed a comprehensive mathematical theory of symmetry that allows the description and classification of symmetries in numerous geometric environments.

This richly and compellingly illustrated book addresses the phenomenological, analytical, and mathematical aspects of symmetry on three levels that build on one another and will speak to interested lay people, artists, working mathematicians, and researchers.

50 Maths Ideas You Really Need to Know Who invented zero? Why 60 seconds in a minute? How big is infinity? Where do parallel lines meet? And can a butterfly’s wings really cause a storm on the far side of the world?

In 50 Maths Ideas You Really Need to Know, Professor Tony Crilly explains in 50 clear and concise essays the mathematical concepts – ancient and modern, theoretical and practical, everyday and esoteric – that allow us to understand and shape the world around us.

Packed with diagrams, examples and anecdotes, this book is the perfect overview of this often daunting but always essential subject. For once, mathematics couldn’t be simpler.

Contents include: Origins of mathematics, from Egyptian fractions to Roman numerals; Pi and primes, Fibonacci numbers and the golden ratio; What calculus, statistics and algebra can actually do; The very real uses of imaginary numbers; The Big Ideas of relativity, Chaos theory, Fractals, Genetics and hyperspace; The reasoning behind Sudoku and code cracking, Lotteries and gambling, Money management and compound interest; Solving of Fermat’s last theorem and the million-dollar question of the Riemann hypothesis.

Alexโ€™s Adventures in Numberland

The book is written for the general reader. Itโ€™s my journey as I travel around the world meeting characters who bring mathematical ideas to life. The pages contain reportage, history and mathematical proofs.

The subject areas I discuss include the cognitive psychology of numbers, number systems, number bases, the abacus, Euclidean geometry, origami, arithmetic, pi, algebra, logarithms, slide rules, sequences, prime numbers, puzzles, magic squares, probability, statistics, non-Euclidean geometry and infinity.

Hereโ€™s Looking at Euclid Too often math gets a bad rap, characterized as dry and difficult. But, Alex Bellos says, “math can be inspiring and brilliantly creative. Mathematical thought is one of the great achievements of the human race, and arguably the foundation of all human progress. The world of mathematics is a remarkable place.”

The Number Devil In twelve dreams, Robert, a boy who hates math, meets a Number Devil, who leads him to discover the amazing world of numbers: infinite numbers, prime numbers, Fibonacci numbers, numbers that magically appear in triangles, and numbers that expand without. As we dream with him, we are taken further and further into mathematical theory, where ideas eventually take flight, until everyone – from those who fumble over fractions to those who solve complex equations in their heads – winds up marveling at what numbers can do.

Hans Magnus Enzensberger is a true polymath, the kind of superb intellectual who loves thinking and marshals all of his charm and wit to share his passions with the world. In The Number Devil, he brings together the surreal logic of Alice in Wonderland and the existential geometry of Flatland with the kind of math everyone would love, if only they had a number devil to teach it to them.

The Man Who Counted Malba Tahan is the creation of a celebrated Brazilian mathematician looking for a way to bring some of the mysteries and pleasures of mathematics to a wider public. The adventures of Beremiz Samir, The Man Who Counted, take the reader on a journey in which, time and again, Samir summons his extraordinary mathematical powers to settle disputes, give wise advice, overcome dangerous enemies, and win for himself fame, fortune, and rich rewards. We learn of previous mathematicians and come to admire Samirโ€™s wisdom and patience. In the grace of Tahanโ€™s telling, these stories hold unusual delights for the reader.

What is the Name of This Book? The value of the book lies in the wealth of ingenious puzzles. They afford amusement, vigorous exercise, and instruction.” โ€” Willard Van Orman Quine, The New York Times Book Review

If you’re intrigued by puzzles and paradoxes, these 200 mind-bending logic puzzles, riddles, and diversions will thrill you with challenges to your powers of reason and common sense. Raymond M. Smullyan โ€” a celebrated mathematician, logician, magician, and author โ€” presents a logical labyrinth of more than 200 increasingly complex problems. The puzzles delve into Gรถdel’s undecidability theorem and other examples of the deepest paradoxes of logic and set theory. Detailed solutions follow each puzzle.

Things to make in the Fourth Dimension contains some of the authorโ€™s favourite bits of mathematics, complete with hands-on activities. If you want an insight into the world of being a mathematician, while putting up with his dry jokes and hilarious chapter headings at the same time, this is the book for you!

The Man Who Loved Only Numbers The biography of a mathematical genius. Paul Erdos was the most prolific pure mathematician in history and, arguably, the strangest too. ‘A mathematical genius of the first order, Paul Erdos was totally obsessed with his subject – he thought and wrote mathematics for nineteen hours a day until he died. He travelled constantly, living out of a plastic bag and had no interest in food, sex, companionship, art – all that is usually indispensible to a human life. Paul Hoffman, in this marvellous biography, gives us a vivid and strangely moving portrait of this singular creature, one that brings out not only Erdos’s genius and his oddness, but his warmth and sense of fun, the joyfulness of his strange life.’ Oliver Sacks For six decades Erdos had no job, no hobbies, no wife, no home; he never learnt to cook, do laundry, drive a car and died a virgin. Instead he travelled the world with his mother in tow, arriving at the doorstep of esteemed mathematicians declaring ‘My brain is open’. He travelled until his death at 83, racing across four continents to prove as many theorems as possible, fuelled by a diet of espresso and amphetamines. With more than 1,500 papers written or co-written, a daily routine of 19 hours of mathematics a day, seven days a week, Paul Erdos was one of the most extraordinary thinkers of our times.

100 Math Brainteasers 100 Math Brainteasers (Grade 7-10) is a subtle selection of one hundred arithmetic, algebra, and geometry assignments, which efficiently train the mind in math skills. It will be helpful for students attending High School and also in preparation for Mathematical competitions or Olympiads at a younger age. The assignments can equally be used in the classroom or in extracurricular activities. The fun and games are delightful, original, and solving them is even more enjoyable thanks to the funny illustrations. Most of the math problems do not require any exceptional mathematical proficiency, but above all, they challenge one’s creativity and ability to think logically. Only a few solicit the knowledge of algebraic expressions and rules of geometry. Authors: Zbigniew Romanowicz, Ph.D., was an outstanding teacher and a well-known proponent of mathematics among young people. He belonged to the great Russian-Polish school of mathematics. He served as Director of the Institute of Mathematics at the Wroclaw University of Technology in Poland. In the years 1992-2004, he chaired the jury of the Polish Mathematics and Logic Games championship, which is within the works of the Paris-based ‘Comite International des Jeux Mathematiques’. He ran the popularly acclaimed interscholastic math clubs. For 10 years, he was chairman of the Committee of Regional Mathematical Olympiads. He was an avid promoter of mathematics and an activist of the Polish Mathematical Society. Bartholomew Dyda, Eng. D., a graduate of the Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology at the Wroclaw University of Technology in Poland, is working at the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science at the Wroclaw University of Technology. Since 1992 he competes in the Mathematical and Logic Games championships, achieving considerable success. He is a two-time recipient of the bronze medal at the International Championship of Mathematical and Logical Games in Paris, France.

300+ Mathematical Pattern Puzzles: Number Pattern Recognition & Reasoning Enjoy a variety of mathematical pattern puzzles. It starts out easy with basic patterns and simple puzzles, and the challenge level grows progressively. This way, puzzlers of all ages and abilities can enjoy many of the patterns and puzzles in this book.

Online tuition

More and more tutors are providing online tuition these days. I use a digital pen and an interactive whiteboard. Notes that I write are displayed on a shared screen and the student can also interact via this learning space. Documents in jpeg or pdf format may easily be uploaded. All that is needed is a stable internet connection at both ends. There are so many resources on the internet to enhance any lesson. I give about 50% of my lessons online and it is very convenient. Lesson notes may be retrieved at any time.

One factor in choosing online tuition is the lack of availability of good local tutors, if the student lives in a remote area or if you simply want convenience.

I currently tutor students regularly in the UK and overseas. I believe that it is going to be the future of learning. There are even schemes to introduce online teaching to poorer families by teaching several students at once. The cost is then shared equally, allowing parents who could never afford private tuition to be able to do so. Just imagine if a scheme could be rolled out like this in the developing world. Five or so poor kids from a South African township meet up at their local church or community centre and log on to computers or even just mobile devices. They have an interactive learning experience with a teacher in the UK and it costs them almost nothing because the relatively low cost per student is subsidised by the organisation they are meeting at.

Teaching in Kuwait

I taught at a school in Kuwait for a year  from 2003. This was an interesting experience culturally. I had not lived in a Muslim country before. I taught mathematics up to A-level at Kuwait English School. This is one of the better international schools in the country. Some of my classes were difficult and it was hard work. We started the day at 7 am which was the time we had to be on site. Lessons started at 7.30 and finished by the early afternoon. This had its advantages as we could then have the afternoon free. To be honest I was often so tired that I just went home and slept.

I lived in a block about 10 miles from the school which was where the school rented some basic apartments for staff. I hired a car each term, which worked out surprisingly cheap. I think petrol worked out at about 10 US cents per litre. The driving in Kuwait is an experience not to be missed. The standard of driving is amongst the worst I have seen anywhere in the world. The main technique could be called ‘point and push’. It was very scary. There were horrendous accidents every day on the highway which ran south from Kuwait City.

CNV00094 A famous landmark in Kuwait City

The weekends were on Thursdays and Fridays. We called this the virtual weekend. Saturdays and Sundays were normal days. One weekend, we went out for a drive in the desert to see if we could find the so-called tank graveyard which was where the US military had dumped all the Iraqi tanks and trucks that it had attacked during the Iraqi retreat from Kuwait in the first Gulf war. There were hundreds of tanks in row upon row as well as armoured vehicles, unexploded ordnance and so on. It was blisteringly hot in the desert and I only had a rough idea of the location as we were following directions given to us by other teachers. But we found the site in the end.

CNV00101 View from my window – lovely

This huge amount of scrap metal rusting in the desert is worthless. The reason is that depleted uranium, a byproduct of uranium enrichment, is used in the armour piercing shells that the Americans used. The result is a lot of contaminated metal. It will lie there for many years to come.

At the top of the post, you see pictures that we took on that day. Unbeknown to us, there was a military base nearby and we were soon seen by some soldiers who came over and arrested us. We were questioned in broken English and our cameras were confiscated but not before I had removed my camera’s card. We had to report the next day to the army headquarters to collect these items. We were politely questioned by a well-spoken Kuwaiti officer and given tea.

Teaching in Denmark

Clearing snow in Hungary in 2011

This is my son Patrick in Sรธnderborgโ€Ž, Southern Denmark, taken in October 2011.

I taught at a college in this small provincial town in Southern Denmark for just over a year. It was called EUC Syd. I found the transition from working in Slovakia (where I had lived previously) to cold and wet Denmark difficult. Part of the reason was the high cost of living and my reduced income. The other factor was getting used to the Danish rules and the culture of expecting foreign workers to find out important facts by osmosis. The attitude was one of unhelpfulness. I found this very frustrating. The language barrier was also another factor and the high tax regime.

EUC Syd ย would fall broadly under the categoryย ‘community college’ in the UK. It is mostly for vocational students but also has a technical high school. There was being set up an IB department (International Baccalaureate) here but there were certain people in the school who seemed quite resistant to the idea that they should cooperate with the setting up of this school within a school. This caused quite a lot of difficulties.

lex-EUC

The academic coordinator was a Czech man who had lived for thirty years in Denmark. He had recruited me and had been very optimistic about the opportunities the new department would afford. However the first cohort of students was too small. We only had eleven students to begin with and I had had no hand in recruiting them. They were mostly unmotivated, lazy and bored by the whole concept of education. I don’t know if it was something in the water but they were rude and surly too on the whole. Getting homework done was like getting blood out of a stone. Forget deadlines. Plagiarism warnings went unheeded as everyone copied off each other for coursework assignments. We went down from 11 students to four by the year’s end and two of these were students coming in from other colleges. I really felt that I was wasting my time.

The behaviour of a lot of the students in the college left a huge amount to be desired. They became aggressive when challenged. Some of them used to enjoy kicking a full water bottle as hard as they possibly could down the entire length of the corridor. Once, this happened right in front of the principle and he did nothing. They also enjoyed pushing each other on office chairs as fast as they could. After I began complaining, a spate of door knocking began on my classroom door – by the invisible man. I found the group behaviour amongst the students the strangest. They had an unnerving habit of all turning and staring at someone at the same time. It was very odd. Danish culture to me seems a warning against those who would say give young people all the freedom they want.

I was also struggling financially and I could not afford to own a car. Most of the other staff had two breadwinners. I am a single parent with a teenage son.

When something needed doing urgently, the attitude was ‘who cares.’ Not even the management seemed to care. No one seemed to try to plan ahead of time. My first pay packet was taxed 55 % and I had to inform the school that unless they taxed me correctly, I would have to leave. I needed my son’s residency permit in order to register him for school in August 2011 and to apply for educational support for him and I had to plead to get this piece of paper in time. No one had thought that I might need it. On some days, I would be the only one in the office 5 minutes before lessons started. One childish teacher began to accuse me regularly of not putting away lab equipment and would even chastise me on having an untidy desk. I would definitely advise anyone against working in Denmark.

The holidays were a lot shorter than in the UK and in Slovakia. In Denmark, the school year starts in the first week of August and continues right through to just before Christmas but nothing ever seems to get done for the amount of time kids spend at school.

After 17 months of this, I decided to leave because I could see that it was a lost cause. I did not make myself popular because I vented my frustrations in the staff room. Other staff did not seem to care or were too soft on the students. Communication was very sloppy and my feeling was that many IB teachers were not following the IB guidelines in grading and assessing material and in assessing group coursework. Staff were always happy to make excuses for the students.